Welcome to the first of two special lectures this month that mark the BICENTENNIAL OF BYTOWN. 

Ottawa owes its capital city status to a mob of angry Tories who burned the Canadian Parliament and drove the Governor-General out of Montreal in 1849.

Bytown was never in the early running during the competition to be the seat of government for the United Canadas in the mid-19th century. It was passed over in favour of Kingston (1841) and Montreal (1844) because of its reputation as a lawless frontier town. Bytown lacked police, paved streets, potable water, sewage treatment, or any form of planning to create an attractive capital city.

After the seat of government was driven out of Montreal, the community leaders saw their chance, re-branded Bytown as “Ottawa” and won the competition to become Canada’s capital, much to the surprise and chagrin of the other six cities. This heavily-illustrated lecture will chart Bytown’s transformation from a construction camp to capital city of a new federation that stretched from sea to sea to sea.

A question and answer period will follow the lecture.

DEMOLITION BY NEGLECT: Preserving the Past Before It's Too Late

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On the occasion of our annual Bob and Mary Anne Phillips Memorial Lecture, Heritage Ottawa is pleased to present an important panel presentation on Demolition By Neglect, one of the most vexatious problems of built heritage conservation. 

Our heritage buildings are non-renewable resources and important physical reminders of our city’s past. Four panelists will look at various causes of demolition by neglect—from wilful abandonment to costs of rehabilitation—consider possible solutions, and share examples of both positive and negative situations in our city.

A question and answer period will follow the presentation.

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The recently completed Kìwekì Point is a signature public realm landscape for the National Capital Commission. The project began with the ambitious goal to reconnect the park with the Ottawa River and transform the pedestrian experience within the National Capital Region. This award-winning Big River Landscape is a powerful public space that honours Algonquin heritage and celebrates the relationship between people, place, and story guided by the Ottawa River.

AN IN-PERSON LECTURE  | REGISTER USING DROP-DOWN FORM ON THE RIGHT 

This seasonal event will be held at the special venue of the Beechwood National Memorial Centre, Sacred Space Room, 280 Beechwood Avenue, Ottawa 

It has been said that brutalist architecture is “unloved but not unlovely.” Beyond the monolithic, opaque, concrete façades are buildings filled with drama, mystery, and strong civic focus. In the post­war building boom and leading up to Canada's Centennial, grand and heroic ideals of civic welfare and cultural identity were translated into a new vision for Ottawa. The strong character of brutalist architecture that followed from these plans and visions embodied renewed hope, stability, and humanity. Yet, today these buildings are commonly (mis)read as imposing and inhuman “eyesores” and little care is given to their heritage value when buildings are renovated or demolished. 

In this talk, Dr. Sarah Gelbard highlights Ottawa's brutalist heritage through some of its key buildings including the National Arts Centre and Main Branch of the Ottawa Public Library. She will share how understanding the values and ideals behind these plans and buildings helps us to question what went wrong when they became built realities instead of Utopian visions.

Light refreshments and a chance to mingle will follow the lecture and Q&A session. 

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The varied career of Thomas Seaton Scott (1826-1895) includes his formative years in Britain, a grand tour of Gothic architecture in Italy and Germany in 1850, the design of small and monumental railway stations for the Grand Trunk Railway and Canadian Pacific, and numerous churches—including St. Bartholomew in Ottawa and erecting Christ Church Cathedral in Montreal. His ten years as Chief Architect at Public Works (1871-1881) saw a brief flourishing of Second Empire style and his personal responsibility for buildings such as Ottawa's Drill Hall, the West Block Mackenzie Tower, completion of the Library of Parliament, the Parliament Hill Summer House, and the first Supreme Court.

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We are pleased to feature an Emerging Scholars Connect event with students from Carleton University to highlight how young people are chronicling history and advocating for practices that balance historical conservation with contemporary needs, interests, and values. 

Hintonburg today is a lively, diverse and walkable community, with quiet residential neighbourhoods and a vibrant traditional main street with cafés, restaurants, locally owned shops, bookstores, a theatre and a library. But Hintonburg today is just the current fringe of the area’s long story. Hintonburg has always been a place to live and work, but it has also been a centre for manufacturing, filmmaking, and business. Its heritage buildings bear witness to this varied past. If you dig into their history, Hintonburg’s walls can talk.

That digging has been done by a group of Carleton University students of Art & Architectural History, in a seminar offered last winter by the History & Theory of Architecture program. The History and Heritage Committee of the Hintonburg Community Association provided advice and guidance to the students. Their research reveals stories of triumph, toil, renewal, and transformation spanning generations. The stories are told by buildings, about the people who built them and used them. Our students will peel back the layers of Hintonburg’s richly textured past in a series of short virtual presentations.

PHOTO: Iona Mansions, 1131 Wellington Street W, Hintonburg. Credit Peter Coffman

Presented via ZOOM 

Canada Lands Company plays an important role in preserving heritage assets on its properties through responsible redevelopment of former federal properties. As a steward of these lands, Canada Lands conducts public engagement that supports the redevelopment of under-utilized lands while including heritage planning to determine key heritage values to be respected, protected and integrated into vibrant new communities. 

Through collaboration with Indigenous partners, municipalities, and heritage experts, Canada Lands Company identifies and safeguards historically significant buildings, landscapes, and cultural narratives. Whether restoring iconic structures or commemorating historical events, Canada Lands’ approach balances preservation with innovation, ensuring that heritage remains a living part of Canada’s urban fabric. This presentation will provide an overview of Canada Lands’ commitment to heritage conservation within its current portfolio of projects including projects currently underway in collaboration with the federal government.

Rendering: Booth Street Complex, Canada Lands Company

SPECIAL EVENT IN APPRECIATION OF OUR MEMBERS, DONORS, SPONSORS & VOLUNTEERS

Ottawa is a place where three rivers meet: the Ottawa, Gatineau and Rideau. Starting in 2021, and motivated by the possible dismantling of the Alexandra Bridge that opened in 1901, Adriana David spent months researching and recording 44 bridges for an illustrated book that honours the architecture of these spans and stories behind their erection.

Join Adriana who will share what she uncovered about early settlers and the growing communities along the riverbanks, capturing the stories of entrepreneurs, politicians, immigrants, and monarchs, and the First Nations who came before them all, travelling along trade routes that led to the first bridges. Discover how each bridge connects neighbourhoods and the people of Ottawa and Gatineau, and learn about the triumphs and tragedies that lay embedded in the bridges’ stones and steel and how their quiet, constant beauty forms the backdrop to Canada’s Capital.

The new Musée régionale de l’Outaouais will be defined by the rich history, heritage and cultural vitality of the region’s broad territory. Creating a new regional museum is a rare opportunity, made even more exciting by housing that museum in a rehabilitated industrial heritage building on the former E.B. Eddy site, in the heart of Gatineau’s core.

This bilingual presentation will provide an overview of the overall project to create a regional museum, and the conservation challenges the project team is facing in adapting the existing building to its proposed new functions.

Speakers:

Jean-Marc Blais is the President of the Musée régionale de l’Outaouais. As a museologist, Jean-Marc has led projects within national museums and for several federal departments that have contributed to the advancement of contemporary museological and conservation practice. He currently leads the Museum in its institutional network mission to promote the study, conservation and sharing of the Outaouais region’s rich and diverse social and cultural history.

Stephen Quick is the Director General of the Musée régionale de l’Outaouais.  His vast experience in the Canadian cultural sector includes having been the Director General of the Canadian War Museum, and of the Canadian Aviation and Space Museum, and Vice-President Conservation and Collections for the Ingenium : Canada’s Museums of science and innovation.  During his career he also worked at the National Gallery of Canada, the Department of Canadian Heritage, and the publishing industry.

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Prior to the establishment of 24 Sussex Drive as the official residence, Prime Ministers had to secure their own accommodations in Ottawa. This presentation will look at some of the residences that were occupied by these men both while they were Members of Parliament and Prime Ministers.

The presentation offers a look at their personal lives, rather than their political careers, and will provide a glimpse of the Ottawa of their time. 

Speaker: Hagit Hadaya holds a Master of Canadian Heritage Conservation and a High Honours BA in Architectural History, both from Carleton University.  Since the completion of her formal education, she has been researching, writing, and lecturing on a variety of topic dealing with Canadian architectural history. 

Hagit has published two books: In Search of Sacred Space: Synagogue Architecture in Ottawa (2013) and At Home With The Prime Minister: Ottawa Residences of the Prime Ministers Prior to 1952 (2017). 

She served for two years on the National Capital Commission Advisory Committee on the Official Residences of Canada. 

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On the occasion of our annual Bob & Mary Anne Phillips Memorial Lecture, Heritage Ottawa is pleased to mark the 50th anniversary of the Ontario Heritage Act with a panel presentation on the history, implementation and challenges associated with this seminal piece of legislation.

Fifty years ago, on March 5, 1975, after years of struggle at community and municipal levels, the Ontario Heritage Act was proclaimed, establishing the long sought-after legal process to protect local heritage in the province. The Act gave municipal councils the right to preserve properties and neighbourhoods valued for their cultural heritage significance. It also gave councils the power to delay and ultimately deny approvals for alteration or demolition of designated buildings. And to ensure public participation in the process, the Act provided for the creation of local heritage advisory committees.

But it hasn’t been all smooth sailing. Join our panel presentations to learn about the emergence of a conservation movement in Ottawa, the challenges of implementing the Act, and the examples that show its successes, and its weaknesses.

Photo: Ontario Legislative Building, Queen's Park / Wikimedia Creative Commons License

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The architectural ruins that William Lyon Mackenzie King built at his Kingsmere estate defy simple explanation. Today, they are used for everything from picnics to ghost tours to wedding photos. But for King himself, they were hallowed ground. He read poetry among them, buried his beloved dogs there, and even considered having himself buried there. The ruins’ existence seems like an act of extreme eccentricity (to put it politely).

But ruins have their own inner logic and history – not just as individual monuments, but as an idea that has haunted and sparked the imagination for centuries. This presentation will explore the long imaginative tradition in which Mackenzie King’s ruins are situated, how that tradition came to Canada, and the seminal moments when King’s life intersected with it.

SPEAKER: Peter Coffman is an architectural historian and Associate Professor in Carleton University’s History & Theory of Architecture program. He specializes in the architecture of the Middle Ages and its revivals. He is the author of the book Newfoundland Gothic, as well as numerous scholarly articles in Canadian and European periodicals and books. He has also written about buildings in several newspapers and magazines, and can usually be counted on to speak up when a controversial architectural issue arises in Ottawa. He has degrees from the University of Toronto, Toronto Metropolitan University, York University, and Queen’s University. He is also an award-winning photographer and in his spare time, he served two terms as president of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada and on the Board of Heritage Ottawa.

CLICK HERE to view a Talk Teaser. 

This seasonal event will be held at the special venue of the Beechwood National Memorial Centre, Sacred Space Room, 280 Beechwood Avenue, Ottawa 

Like a phoenix, the Peace Tower and its carillon arose from fire and conflict. The Victoria Tower and its single clock bell, destroyed by the Centre Block blaze in 1916, were replaced in 1927 by the Peace Tower and its carillon of 53 bells, installed to keep in remembrance the sacrifice of Canada in the Great War. In the ensuing 97 years, five Dominion Carillonneurs have served to create a uniquely expressive musical voice on Parliament Hill reflecting all aspects of life. The current Dominion Carillonneur, Dr. Andrea McCrady, will chronicle the wide variety of events that the carillon accompanied, from solemn commemorations to festive celebrations.

We invite you to join us for light refreshments and a chance to mingle after the lecture and Q&A session.

SPEAKER: Dr. Andrea McCrady, Dominion Carillonneur

Dr. McCrady was appointed Dominion Carillonneur of the Peace Tower Carillon in 2008. She began playing the carillon in 1971 at Trinity College, Hartford, CT (B.A., 1975). While in Europe on a post-graduate fellowship, she studied at the carillon schools in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. During medical school at McGill University, Montreal, she was carillonneur at St. Joseph’s Oratory, followed by her hospital residency in Toronto, where she played at the University of Toronto and the Canadian National Exhibition. From 1990-2008, she coordinated the carillon program at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Spokane, WA, where she also practiced family medicine.

In 2008, she retired from medicine upon receiving a Bachelor of Music magna cum laude from the University of Denver. She is an Adjunct Professor in carillon studies at Carleton University in Ottawa. Dr. McCrady served for many years on the board of the Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA), and as its President from 1988-89. She has co-chaired the GCNA Ronald Barnes Memorial Grant Fund and the Heritage Music Committee. She served as secretary of the World Carillon Federation (WCF), 1990 – 1996, and has performed for the 1996, 2002, 2014 and 2021 WCF congresses.

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Moshe Safdie has been practicing architecture for almost 60 years. He has designed headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts, with satellite offices in Jerusalem, Shanghai and Singapore (and occasionally Toronto). His oeuvre encompasses more than 100 completed buildings, including the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa, communities and master plans on five continents and an even greater number of projects and competition entries. It is impossible to discuss all his projects in one lecture, so this presentation will cover those projects which were either designed for Canada or built in Canada.

SPEAKER: Maria Somjen has a B. Env. Des, B. Arch and LL.B. from Dalhousie University. Before her retirement she worked for the government of Canada as a Project Director mostly restoring federal heritage buildings in Ottawa. Her last major project before retirement was the management of the renovation to the Canadian Museum of Nature, which took ten years, and subsequently the planning of the renovation of the Supreme Court of Canada.

IN PERSON AT UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, DESMARAIS HALL, ROOM 1130

FREE LECTURE VIA ZOOM

Young people bring fresh ideas, creativity, and a strong sense of innovation to the preservation of the National Capital’s cultural legacy, ensuring it remains relevant and dynamic for future generations. Interdisciplinary perspectives, whether from History, Public History, Architecture, and other areas of research, can foster a robust connection between Ottawa’s past and its evolving identity. They help bridge the gap between traditional practices and modern values, promote sustainability and inclusivity, and ensure that conservation efforts reflect the diversity of the city’s population.

We are pleased to feature an Emerging Scholars Connect event bringing together students from both the University of Ottawa and Carleton University to highlight new perspectives on heritage and how young people are chronicling history and advocating for policies and practices that balance historical conservation with contemporary needs, interests and values, in many ways.

SPEAKERS:

Caleb Stevenson is an undergraduate history student at the University of Ottawa with a bachelor's degree in political science. He is particularly interested in late 19th to mid 20th century history, as well as in shifting perceptions of gender and sexuality over time. He is also passionate about the history of Ottawa and enjoys the opportunity to educate the public while working as a tour guide.

Ben Merritt is a graduate student currently pursuing his Master of Architecture at Carleton University. He has worked at TRACE architectures since 2023 and has been involved with various projects within the office. Evolving from his work experience and education, Ben has developed an interest in the processes related to architectural heritage and conservation. Ben’s general interest in the subject is to better understand the technical challenges related to heritage buildings, and how best to address them.

Lilly Zegerius was born in raised in Guelph Ontario and is 21 years old. She is in her third year of study at Carleton University in Architecture Conservation and Sustainability. Her studies focus on adaptive reuse, restoration, and rehabilitation of heritage properties in the context of architecture. She is currently employed by the NCC, where the exposure to the professional side of architecture complements her lessons in studio.

Sophie Soulières is a fourth-year history and political science major at the University of Ottawa. In the past year, she has spent a semester studying at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands and has worked as a Student Guide at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France. Sophie is interested in political thought, intellectual history, and uses of history broadly. She is planning on pursuing a Master's degree in library and information science.

Moderator: Patryk Polec has a PhD in Canadian history from the University of Ottawa where he worked as an Assistant Professor. He is the author of two academic books and numerous peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and other contributions related to Canadian military and policing history, armed conflicts, Canadian immigration history, and human rights studies. He currently works at the federal Department of Canadian Heritage, where he is responsible for developing and vetting historical content for high-profile public exhibits, monuments, publications, and commemorative projects of national significance.

Presentations and discussions will be in both English and French.

Refreshments will be served after the presentations, with time to mingle! Thank you to TRACE architectures for generously contributing. 

In person at the Carleton Dominion-Chalmers Centre, Woodside Hall, 355 Cooper Street and Via ZOOM | | Now Available on our YouTube channel.

How should a new heritage district building or building addition look? Must it “be of its time?” Should it be faithful to the area’s existing traditional buildings? Who should decide?

Classic Planning Institute Founder Dr. Nir Buras will explain how Modernism became the dominant style in the 20th century. He will ask, “What is the place of Modernist expression?” and “Why can’t we have façades and roofs anymore?” He will share worldwide examples of new traditional architecture, and give us food for thought regarding ornament, indigenous architecture, and beauty. Dr. Buras will discuss how traditional architecture helps express Canada’s genuine architectural roots as well as Canada’s future.

Alain Miguelez – Vice-President, Capital Planning and Chief Planner at the NCC will review the Canadian context and explore choices that could be incorporated in the new NCC Core Area Plan. Alain will bring up the interpretation of Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada and refer to the “Philadelphia Approach” in making deliberate decisions on choice of architectural expression in response to urban context, and how this approach might fit in the NCC framework for the new Core Area Sector Plan.

Join us for this exciting and thought provoking presentation!

To register for this FREE in-person event at the Carleton Dominion-Chalmers Centre, EMAIL info@heritageottawa.org. If you will be participating online, CLICK HERE TO OBTAIN THE ZOOM LINK. 

Dr. Nir Buras is a leading new traditional architect and urbanist, founder of the Classic Planning Institute, and author of The Art of Classic Planning. Dr. Buras designs towns, cities and buildings, he runs experiments, holds workshops, writes, and speaks about some of the most interesting developments in the world of architecture and planning—and where we might find ourselves in the future. His work helps communities with their long-term planning, and architects who are inventing new local styles. He teaches Classic Planning Institute Fellows architectural literacy and classic planning basics and researches the neuroscience of the built environment with his scientific colleagues.

Alain Miguelez is the Vice-President of Capital Planning and Chief Planner of the National Capital Commission. He oversees four Divisions: Long Range Planning; Transportation Planning; Federal Approvals, Heritage and Archaeology; and Sustainable Development and Environmental Services functions. Prior to the NCC, he worked almost 20 years with the City of Ottawa in several capacities within the Planning Department, most recently as Manager of Planning Policy where he led his team to the preparation of the City’s 2021 Official Plan. He is the author of two books: Transforming Ottawa: Canada’s Capital in the Eyes of Jacques Gréber (2015) and A Theatre Near You: 150 Years of Going to the Show in Ottawa-Gatineau (2004).

An Inspiring Capital for All of Us: An Evening with the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson

Preregistration is required. SCROLL DOWN to register.

Heritage Ottawa is pleased to partner with the National Capital Commission (NCC) and the Global Centre for Pluralism for an evening with the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson who will present From Sussex Street to Sussex Drive: A refugee’s journey to Rideau Hall. After the presentation, she will be joined by NCC CEO Tobi Nussbaum and Heritage Ottawa President Katherine Spencer-Ross for a fireside chat on making a great capital city. 

From Sussex Street to Sussex Drive: A refugee’s journey to Rideau Hall

When the Poy family arrived in Ottawa in August 1942, they were able to find lodgings at 277 Sussex which was then a duplex. Those early years were difficult but happy. Difficult because there was the adjustment to a new country, a new society and a very small white town full of white bread and white snow. However, people were kind, the Poy family was somewhat a novelty and people were sympathetic that Hong Kong fell to the Japanese.

“Taking the streetcar from outside our front door to Rockcliffe Park with a picnic basket and a rug, but looking forward to the hotdogs that were sold in the lovely stone building which was in the park, is an everlasting memory. We went to the park almost every weekend on Sundays, and in the winter we began tobogganing down the hills there. My public and high school years were happily spent at Kent and Elgin Street Public Schools and Lisgar Collegiate where my goals and ideals and education were set for life. Ottawa has a great deal of meaning for me because it was where I was formed as a young person and where early influences, like my English teacher Mr. Mann in high school and my public school teacher Ms. McRae at Elgin Street Public, helped to form me, my values and my ideals.

I guess I’ve seen the city grow astonishingly and I have many memories of it as it was during the war with temporary buildings on the lawns in front of the Supreme Court and the Canal really just being a muddy ditch alongside the railway that led to the great Union Station. I have seen Ottawa transformed but I still remember it as that small town I grew up in.”

The Honourable Adrienne Clarkson 

BIO: The Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson arrived in Canada from Hong Kong with her family in 1942 and made the astonishing journey from penniless child refugee to accomplished broadcaster, journalist, and distinguished public servant in a multi-faceted lifetime. 

As Canada’s 26th Governor General from 1999-2005, Adrienne Clarkson is universally acknowledged to have transformed the office, leaving an indelible mark on Canada’s history. When she left Rideau Hall, she co-founded the Institute for Canadian Citizenship which helps new citizens to feel involved and included in Canadian life. The ICC offers a one-of-a-kind program, Canoo, an app that gives newcomers free VIP access to over 1,400 of Canada’s best cultural and outdoor experiences. 

Bestselling author of the 2014 CBC Massey Lectures Belonging: The Paradox of Citizenship, Adrienne Clarkson also wrote Room for All of Us: Surprising Stories of Loss and Transformation; her autobiography Heart Matters: A Memoir; and Extraordinary Canadians: Norman Bethune, a biography of Dr. Norman Bethune.

A Privy Councillor and a Companion of the Order of Canada, Adrienne Clarkson is the National Institute on Ageing’s Honorary Chair for its Advisory Board. 

Wednesday, June 12, 2024  |  7:00 pm |   Global Centre for Pluralism, 330 Sussex Drive

Preregistration is required for this event. Please SCROLL DOWN to register.

NOTE: Due to space limitations, all registrant names will be checked at the door.  

FREE LECTURE VIA ZOOM | Now Available on our YouTube Channel.

The grass may be greener elsewhere but your front yard may still hold surprises.

Although awareness of the archaeological past of Canada’s national capital region began fairly soon after the establishment of permanent Euro-Canadian communities in the region, the presence of national institutions dedicated to studying archaeology did not advance our understanding of the region’s ancient past. Rather, the puzzle pieces of a significant cultural landscape, situated between the mouth of the Gatineau River and the Chaudière Falls emerged only recently and, to a significant degree, by happenstance. 

Join archaeologist Jean-Luc Pilon who will present the functional and complementary nature of a number of key sites within the landscape allows us to appreciate the vibrant, dynamic and highly valued character of this ancient, unceded Anishinaabe Algonquin land.

Speaker:

Jean-Luc Pilon’s archaeological fieldwork has ranged across the top of the continent from central and northern Quebec, through the Hudson Bay Lowlands to the lower Mackenzie Valley. He has also participated in fieldwork in Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego in southernmost Chile and on First World War battlefields of northern France.

During Dr. Pilon’s more than 33 year-long career at the Canadian Museum of History, he participated in several exhibitions, including Kichi Sibi, Our Region’s Past (now permanently exhibited at the Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg Cultural Center), the People of the Longhouse module in the Museum’s First Peoples Hall, First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization, which toured internationally, and the First Contacts module in the newly-opened Canadian History Hall. His publications include First Peoples of Canada, Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization which he co-authored with Nicholette Prince and which has been published in Chinese, Japanese, German, Spanish and English. Jean-Luc is an Adjunct Research Professor at Carleton University. 

Presented via ZOOM and now available on Heritage Ottawa's YouTube channel.  

Built in 1904, the Dominion Observatory — Canada’s National Observatory — helped nurture the careers of women astronomers in Canadian astronomy until the mid-1970s. Ottawa’s Observatory Campus is turning 120 years old this spring, which calls for a celebration of its remarkable history, its architectural significance, and its social connection to the nation’s scientific achievements.

The Dominion Observatory is a Classified Federal Heritage Building, the highest level of heritage recognition. 

Photo at lower left: Ruth Northcott & Miriam Burland, Dominion Observatory, Ottawa, June 29, 1938. Canadian Museum of Science & Technology, Archival Collection, Miriam Burland Fonds, Box 1, Folder #5

Top left: Dominion Observatory, WikiCommons

Sharon Odell has a twenty-eight-year career in museology at municipal, provincial, and national museums. She holds an M.A. in Art History from Carleton University and a Museum Studies diploma from Algonquin College. She specializes in research on art, architecture, and the history of women in science. She is a member of Heritage Ottawa and the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.